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Gochujang (/ˈkɔːtʃuːdʒæŋ/,[1] from Korean: 고추장; gochu-jang, [ko.tɕʰu.dʑaŋ]) or red chili paste[2] is a savory, sweet, and spicy fermented condiment popular in Korean cooking. It is made from gochu-garu (chili powder), glutinous rice, meju (fermented soybean) powder, yeotgireum (barley malt powder), and salt. The sweetness comes from the starch of cooked glutinous rice, cultured with saccharifying enzymes during the fermentation process.[3] Traditionally, it has been naturally fermented over years in jangdok (earthenware) on an elevated stone platform, called jangdokdae, in the backyard.

Gochujang

Alternative names	Red chili paste
Place of origin	Korea
Associated national cuisine	Korean cuisine
Main ingredients	Gochu-garu (chili powder), glutinous rice, meju-garu (fermented soybean powder)
Other information	HS code: 2103.90.1030
Media: Gochujang

Korean name
Hangul	고추장
Hanja	--醬
Revised Romanization	gochu-jang
McCune–Reischauer	koch'u-chang
IPA	[ko.tɕʰu.dʑaŋ]

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The Sunchang Gochujang Festival is held annually in Gochujang Village in Sunchang County, North Jeolla Province, South Korea.[4][5]

History

It has commonly been assumed that spicy jang (장; 侯椒醬) varieties were made using black peppers and chopi before the introduction of chili peppers.^{[citation needed]} Shiyi xinjian, a mid-9th century Chinese document, recorded the Korean pepper paste as 侯椒醬 (lit. 'pepper paste'). The second-oldest documentation of pepper paste is found in the 1433 Korean book Collected Prescriptions of Native Korean Medicines.[6] Pepper paste is again mentioned in a 1445 medical encyclopedia named Compendia of Medical Prescriptions.[7]

Chili peppers, which originated in the Americas, were introduced to East Asia by Portuguese traders in the early 16th century.[8][9][10] The first mention of chili pepper in Korea is found in Collected Essays of Jibong, an encyclopedia published in 1614.[11][12] Farm Management, a book from ca. 1700, discussed the cultivation methods of chili peppers.[13]

In the 18th-century books, Somun saseol and Revised and Augmented Farm Management, gochujang is written as gochojang, using hanja characters 苦椒醬 and 古椒醬.[14][15] It is also mentioned that Sunchang was renowned for its gochujang production.[14] China and Japan, the countries with which Korea has historically shared the most culture and trade, do not include gochujang in their traditional cuisines.

Gochujang ingredients reported in Jeungbo sallim gyeongje were 18 litres (19 US quarts) of powdered and sieved meju (fermented soybeans), 540 mL (18+1⁄2 US fl oz) of chili powder, and 1.8 L (1+7⁄8 U.S. qt) of glutinous rice flour, as well as soup soy sauce for adjusting the consistency.[15] The gochujang recipe in Gyuhap chongseo, an 1809 cookbook, uses powdered meju made from 18 L (19 US qt) of soybeans and 3.6 L (3+3⁄4 US qt) of glutinous rice, then adding 900–1,260 mL (30+1⁄2–42+1⁄2 US fl oz) of chili powder and bap made from 3.6 L (3.8 US qt) of glutinous rice.[16]

Ingredients

This section does not cite any sources. (December 2019)

Gochujang's primary ingredients are red chili powder (gochugaru; 고추가루), glutinous rice powder, powdered fermented soybeans, and salt. Korean chili peppers, of the species Capsicum annuum, are spicy yet sweet making them ideal for gochujang production.

Other recipes use glutinous rice (chapssal, Korean: 찹쌀), normal short-grain rice (mepssal, Korean: 멥쌀), or barley, and, less frequently, whole wheat kernels, jujubes, pumpkin, and sweet potato; these ingredients are used to make special variations. A small amount of sweetener, such as sugar, syrup, or honey, is also sometimes added. The finished product is a dark, reddish paste with a rich, piquant flavor.

The making of gochujang at home began tapering off when commercial production came into the mass market in the early 1970s. Now, most Koreans purchase gochujang at grocery stores or markets. It is still used extensively in Korean cooking to flavor stews (jjigae), such as in gochujang jjigae; to marinate meat, such as in gochujang bulgogi; and as a condiment for naengmyeon and bibimbap.

Gochujang is also used as a base for making other condiments, such as chogochujang (Korean: 초고추장) and ssamjang (Korean: 쌈장). Chogochujang is a variant of gochujang made by adding vinegar and other seasonings, such as sugar and sesame seeds. It is usually used as a sauce for hoe and hoedeopbap. Similarly, ssamjang is a mixture of mainly gochujang and doenjang, with chopped onions and other spicy seasonings, and it is popular with sangchussam (Korean: 상추쌈).

Gochujang hot-taste unit

Gochujang hot-taste unit (GHU) is a unit of measurement for the pungency (spicy heat) of gochujang, based on the gas chromatography and the high-performance liquid chromatography of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin concentrations.[17]

Gochujang products are assigned to one of the five levels of spiciness: Mild, Slight Hot, Medium Hot, Very Hot, and Extreme Hot.[17]

Extreme Hot	> 100
Very Hot	75–100
Medium Hot	45–75
Slight Hot	30–45
Mild	< 30

Uses

Gochujang is used in various dishes such as bibimbap and tteokbokki, and in salads, stews, soups, and marinated meat dishes.[18] Gochujang may make dishes spicier (depending on the capsaicin in the base chili), but also can make dishes sweeter and smokier.

Storage

Leave the lid open overnight and cover the next day. It is better to use a jar with a narrow neck. When gochujang is exposed to the air, it turns black and develops a bad taste. In summer, it can easily become moldy, so cover the pot with mesh or gauze while it is in the sun.[19]

See also

References

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