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Edible bird's nests are bird nests created by edible-nest swiftlets, Indian swiftlets, and other swiftlets using solidified saliva, which are harvested for human consumption. They are particularly prized in Chinese culture due to their rarity, high protein content and rich flavor. Edible bird's nests are among the most expensive animal products consumed by humans,[1] with nests being sold at prices up to about $3,000 per pound ($6,600/kg), depending on grading.[2] The type or grading of a bird's nest depends on the type of bird as well as the shape and color of the bird's nest. It is usually white in color, but there also exists a red version that is sometimes called "blood" nest. According to traditional Chinese medicine, it promotes good health, especially for the skin.[3] The nests have been used in Chinese cuisine for over 400 years, most often as bird's nest soup.[4]

Edible bird's nest

Edible bird's nest
Region or state	Southeast Asia and East Asia
Associated national cuisine	Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar
Media: Edible bird's nest

Edible bird's nest
Traditional Chinese	燕窩
Simplified Chinese	燕窝
Literal meaning	"swallow nest"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin yànwō Bopomofo ㄧㄢˋ ㄨㄛ Wade–Giles yen4-wo1 IPA [jɛ̂n.wó] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization yinwō Jyutping jin3wo1 Sidney Lau yin3woh1 IPA [jīːn.wɔ́ː] Southern Min Hokkien POJ iàn-o

Etymology

The Chinese name for edible bird's nest, Chinese: 燕窩 (yànwō), translates literally as "swallow's (or swift's) nest"; in Indonesia "sarang burung walet" often serves as a synonym for bird's nest soup.^{[citation needed]}

Culinary use

The best-known use of edible birds nest is bird's nest soup, a delicacy in Chinese cuisine.[1] When dissolved in water, the birds' nests have a favored gelatinous texture utilized in soup or sweet soup (tong sui). It is mostly referred to as 燕窩 (yànwō) unless references are made to the savory or sweet soup in Chinese cuisine. According to the Qing dynasty manual of gastronomy, the Suiyuan shidan, bird's nest was regarded as a delicate ingredient not to be flavored or cooked with anything overpowering or oily. While it is rare and expensive, it must be served in relatively large quantities; otherwise its texture cannot be fully experienced and enjoyed.[5]

In addition to their use in soup, edible bird's nests can be used as an ingredient in other dishes. They can be cooked with rice to produce bird's nest congee or bird's nest boiled rice, or they can be added to egg tarts and other desserts. A bird's nest jelly can be made by placing the bird's nest in a ceramic container with minimal water and sugar (or salt) before double steaming.^{[citation needed]}

Production and harvest

The most heavily harvested nests are from the edible-nest swiftlet or white-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) and the black-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus maximus).[6] The nests are rich in nutrients such as protein, and are traditionally believed to provide health benefits.[4] The composition of EBN makes it esteemed as a nutritional food. Protein and carbohydrate are known to be major composition fraction of EBN which comprising 50-60% and 30-40% respectively.[7][8][9][10] Previous studies conducted by Lee et al. have reported that the nutrient composition of EBN is dependent on the country of origin,[7] food intake of the birds, climate and breeding sites. Most nests are built during the breeding season by the male swiftlet over a period of 35 days. They take the shape of a shallow cup stuck to the cave wall. The nests are composed of interwoven strands of salivary cement. Both nests have high levels of calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium.[1]

The nests were formerly harvested from caves, principally the enormous limestone caves at Gomantong and Niah in Borneo. With the escalation in demand these sources have been supplanted since the late-1990s by purpose-built nesting houses, usually reinforced concrete structures following the design of the Southeast Asian shop-house ("rumah toko"/"ruko").[11] These nesting houses are normally found in urban areas near the sea, since the birds have a propensity to flock in such places. It has become an expanding industry as is evident in such places as the province of North Sumatra or the Pak Phanang District in Thailand. From those places the nests are mostly exported to the markets in Hong Kong, which has become the center of the world trade in bird's nests; the industry is valued at around HK$2 billion per year,[12] although most of the final consumers are from mainland China. China is the world's largest consumer of birds' nests, accounting for more than 90 percent of consumption.[12]

In some places, nest gatherers (known in the Philippines as busyadors)[13][14] have seen a steep decline in the number of birds and a rise in unexplained fatalities.[15]

Color

Although bird's nest is usually white, there also exists a red version, called "blood nest" (Chinese: 血燕; pinyin: xuě yàn), which is significantly more expensive and believed to have more medicinal value. In the market, a kilogram of white bird's nest can fetch up to US$2,000, and a kilogram of red nests up to US$10,000.^{[citation needed]}

The reason for its characteristic redness has been a puzzle for centuries. Contrary to popular beliefs, red bird's nest does not contain hemoglobin, the protein responsible for the color of human blood.[1] Researchers reported in 2013 that 'bird soil' containing guano droppings from bird houses were able to turn white edible bird's nests red, and that edible bird's nests' color is likely caused by environmental factors in cave interiors and bird houses.[16]

Subsequently, a research team at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore has found that its redness is caused by the vapor of reactive nitrogen species in the atmosphere of the bird house or cave reacting with the mucin glycoprotein of the initially formed white bird nest. Red bird's nest contains tyrosine that has combined with reactive nitrogen species to form 3-nitrotyrosine. At high concentrations, 3-nitrotyrosine produces a distinctively rich red color, while at lower concentrations, it produces the characteristic yellow, golden and orange colors seen in other varieties of bird's nest products.[17][18]

The researchers also note that the bird nest also readily absorbs nitrite and nitrate from the process' vapor which explains why the red bird's nest contains a high concentration of nitrite and nitrate, which are known to lead to carcinogenic compounds. This may mean that non-white bird's nests are harmful to human health.[17][19]

Market

Indonesia is the largest bird's nest producer in Southeast Asia, exporting around 2,000 metric tons (2,000 long tons; 2,200 short tons) per year, followed by Malaysia at 600 metric tons (590 long tons; 660 short tons), and Thailand, 400 metric tons (390 long tons; 440 short tons). The Philippines, producing roughly 5 metric tons (4.9 long tons; 5.5 short tons) per year, is the smallest producer.[12]

The bird's nest industry in 2014 accounts for 0.5 percent of the Indonesian GDP, a GDP percentage equivalent to about a quarter of the country's fishing industry. In Thailand, the trade value of bird's nests, both wild and "farmed", is estimated at around 10 billion baht per year.[12] The industry globally is an estimated US$5 billion.[20]

Hong Kong and the United States are the largest importers of nests.[21] In Hong Kong, a bowl of bird's nest soup costs US$30 to US$100.[4][21]

Counterfeiting

Besides the natural coloration process, the white nests can be treated with red pigment to defraud buyers, but methods have been developed to determine an adulterated nest. Natural red cave nests are often found in limestone caves in Pak Phayun District, Thailand.[1][12] The high returns and growing demand have attracted counterfeiters, leading to the halt of Malaysian nest exports to China. The Malaysian government has since employed RFID technology to thwart counterfeiting by micro-chipping nests with details about harvesting, packaging, and transport.[22] Industrial quality-control techniques such as failure mode and effects analysis have been applied to bird's nest processing at nesting houses in Sarawak, Malaysia and reported by a research team at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.[23][24][25]

Authentication

The high demand for EBN has garnered the attention of counterfeiters to defraud buyers. Fake EBN or EBN with adulterants may be harmful to those who consume it. Hence, there is an urgent need to find a solution to the issues regarding the authenticity and quality of the EBN. Numerous sophisticated techniques have been used for the detection of adulterants in EBN such as energy disperse X-ray microanalysis, electronic microscopy and spectroscopy.[26] Some other methods including DNA- based polymerase chain reactions, protein-based two-dimension gel electrophoresis and genetic identification based on mitochondrial DNA have found applications in the authentication of EBN. Previously study used gel electrophoresis in combination with liquid chromatographic methods to identify some common adulterants in EBN.[7][27] In this study, gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatographic were used for protein profiling and amino acids studies of cave and house nests, and others samples such as white fungus, fish swimming bladder, jelly and egg white. Each of the samples had a unique protein profile which will be reflected on the protein gel and these results were supported by the chromatographic analysis. Besides, gel electrophoresis also was used to identify and differentiate the EBN base on their geographical origins.[7] This is due to the several advantages that make gel electrophoresis remains to be a popular option for analytical study; it is simple in operation, cost-effective and offers high sensitivity to the sample compared to other electrophoresis methods.^{[citation needed]} 

Import restrictions

Because a bird's nest is an animal product, it is subject to strict import restrictions in some countries, particularly with regard to H5N1 avian flu.^{[citation needed]}

In Canada, commercially prepared, canned, and sterile bird's nest preparations are generally acceptable, but may be subject to import restrictions.[28]

See also

• Traditional Chinese medicine
• List of Chinese soups
• List of delicacies
• List of soups

References

Bibliography

• Jordan, David (2004). "Globalisation and Bird's Nest Soup". International Development Planning Review. 26 (1): 97–110. doi:10.3828/idpr.26.1.6. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008.
• Lau, Amy S. M.; Melville, David S. (April 1994). International Trade in Swiftlet Nests with Special Reference to Hong Kong. Traffic Network. ISBN 978-1-85850-030-0.
• Jong, Chian Haur; Tay, Kai Meng; Lim, Chee Peng (August 2013). "Application of the fuzzy Failure Mode and Effect Analysis methodology to edible bird nest processing" (PDF). Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 96: 90–108. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2013.04.015.
• Tay, Kai Meng; Jong, Chian Haur; Lim, Chee Peng (April 2015). "A clustering-based failure mode and effect analysis model and its application to the edible bird nest industry" (PDF). Neural Computing and Applications. 26 (3): 551–560. doi:10.1007/s00521-014-1647-4. S2CID 7821836.
• Lee, Ting Hun; Wong, Syieluing; Lee, Chia Hau; Azmi, Nurul Alia; Darshini, Murugiah; Kavita, Supparmaniam; Cheng, Kian Kai (2020). "Identification of Malaysia's Edible Bird's Nest Geographical Origin Using Gel Electrophoresis Analysis" (PDF). Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences. 19 (3). doi:10.12982/CMUJNS.2020.0025.
• Chang, Wui Lee; Tay, Kai Meng; Lim, Chee Peng (November 2015). "Clustering and visualization of failure modes using an evolving tree" (PDF). Expert Systems with Applications. 42 (20): 7235–7244. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2015.04.036.
• Chai, Kok Chin; Jong, Chian Haur; Tay, Kai Meng; Lim, Chee Peng (August 2016). "A Perceptual Computing-based Method to Prioritize Failure Modes in Failure Mode and Effect Analysis and Its Application to Edible Bird Nest Farming" (PDF). Applied Soft Computing. 49: 734–747. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2016.08.043.
• Hun, Lee Ting; Wani, Waseem A.; Poh, Heng Yong; Baig, Umair; Ti Tjih, Eddie Tan; Nashiruddin, Noor Idayu; Ling, Yong Ee; Aziz, Ramlan Abdul (2016). "Gel electrophoretic and liquid chromatographic methods for the identification and authentication of cave and house edible bird's nests from common adulterants". Analytical Methods. 8 (3): 526–536. doi:10.1039/C5AY02170G..
• Lee, Ting Hun; Wani, Waseem A.; Koay, Yin Shin; Kavita, Supparmaniam; Tan, Eddie Ti Tjih; Shreaz, Sheikh (2017). "Recent advances in the identification and authentication methods of edible bird's nest". Food Research International. 100 (Pt 1): 14–27. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.036. PMID 28873672.

Further reading

• Jandam, Kasem (April 2017). Ethnicity and birds' nest resources in Southeast Asia. Thailand Research Fund (TRF). ISBN 978-616-7474-53-3. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
• Ting Hun, Lee., Wassem, A. Wani., & Eddie, Tan Ti Tjih (2015). Edible bird's nest: An Incredible salivary bioproduct from swiflets. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3659792557.

External links

• Media related to Edible bird's nests at Wikimedia Commons

На других языках

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- [en] Edible bird's nest

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[ru] Съедобные птичьи гнёзда

Съедобные птичьи гнёзда, «ласточкины гнёзда» — гнёзда некоторых видов саланган, обитающих в странах Юго-Восточной Азии: Индонезии, Малайзии, Таиланде, Филиппинах и Вьетнаме. Их стоимость доходит до 2300 долларов за килограмм. Другие виды добавляют к слюне перья, поэтому их гнёзда чёрные и ценятся не так высоко. Специалисты полагают, что в 30 пещерах малайзийских штатов Сабах и Саравак, которые находятся на острове Калимантан, гнездятся около одного миллиона саланган, которые производят 150 тонн гнёзд в год стоимостью 350 млн долларов. 20 % гнёзд экспортируются в Гонконг и Сингапур, остальные потребляются китайцами в самой Малайзии.[1]

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